Your steps are almost the same as the one I linked. But I tried them, just in case. And it still does not build. The fsharp build fails with some error about casting types. Do you have version details?
Try building the 'fsharp_30' branch instead. The master branch just switched over to F# 3.1, so its possible they haven't worked out all of the bugs for every possible system yet.
When I ran F# on Ubuntu before, it was on the x86 version of 12.04 LTS. I used whatever the latest version of Mono was; I don't remember specifically, but it was almost certainly one of the 3.2.x versions.
Would you mind posting the build output from your F# build that fails (e.g., to pastebin or Gist)? I can forward it along to the right people so it gets fixed. Or, post it as a Github issue: https://github.com/fsharp/fsharp/issues
